Numerous Plants, Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, and Even Viruses Possess Toxin Delivery Systems: Study

These toxin delivery systems are fully analogous to and often rival the complexity of venom delivery systems found in animals such as venomous snakes, scorpions and spiders. The post Numerous Plants, Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, and Even Viruses Possess Toxin Delivery Systems: Study appeared first on Sci.News: Breaking Science News.

Mar 26, 2025 - 10:00
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Numerous Plants, Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, and Even Viruses Possess Toxin Delivery Systems: Study
Four representative plant species showcasing venom delivery systems: (A) co-habiting ants that numerous ant-plants provide a home and food for; (B) haustria of parasitic plants that attack other plants; (C) stinging trichomes of stinging plants; and (D) raphides that penetrate the oral membranes of animals that browse on plants. Image credit: Hayes et al., doi: 10.3390/toxins17030099.

These toxin delivery systems are fully analogous to and often rival the complexity of venom delivery systems found in animals such as venomous snakes, scorpions and spiders.

The post Numerous Plants, Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, and Even Viruses Possess Toxin Delivery Systems: Study appeared first on Sci.News: Breaking Science News.

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